KERBY, Edwin Thomas John

Major Edwin Thomas John Kerby
Conflict	World War 1
Service Arm	Australian Imperial Force
Unit	5th Infantry Battalion; 8th Infantry Battalion
Service No.
Service Arm	Army
Date of Birth	12 Apr 1888
Birthplace
Residence
Date of Death	5 July 1971
Relatives	Father - James Macklam Kerby; Mother - Margaret Anne Brennan

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This diary was written when Edwin Kerby held the rank of Captain in the 5th Infantry Battalion. It is dated 21st December 1914 until 19th January 1916.

Part 1 - 21st December 1914 to 24th April 1915

As I Saw It, Day By Day.
Dec. 21. 1914. Leave Melbourne on board transport A. 32. "Themistocles". On board - 1st reinforcements 1st 2nd 3rd Infantry Brigades. Major H.R.Carter 15th Bn. O.C. troops. Officers on board.
Commander Reyne R.N.
Lieut. Commander Spooner. R.N.
Lieut. Nickoll R.N.
Ass. Paymaster Stuart R.N.
Major Carter. 15th Bn
Lieut W. Pulling 1st Bn.
Lieut Dawson 2nd Bn
Lieut Buchanan 3rd Bn
Lieut H.Jacobs 4th Bn
Capt. E.T.J Kerby 5th Bn
Lieut H. Biggsley 6th Bn
Lieut E. Permerzel 7th Bn
Lieut A. Liddelow 8th Bn
Lieut L. Koch 9th Bn
Lieut H. Rowe 10th Bn
Lieut A. Phillips 11th Bn
Lieut H.C. Orbell 12th Bn
Colonel Kendrew Chaplain.
Capton Pigdon Medical Officer
Total Number on board 1350. Mrs Reyne and Mrs Spooner accompany their husbands.

Dec. 26. Arrive at Albany

Dec. 30. Leave Albany. Fleet consists of thirty-three vessels including three from New Zealand. Escorted by the submarine A.E.1. Fleet Ceramic, Ulysses, Themistocles sails in three parallel lines

1915. Jan 13. Arrive at Colombo and go ashore for a run around

Jan 14. Steam out ten miles for double burial. Return and anchor in outer harbour.

Jan 15. Fleet sails from Colombo.

Jan 16/17. Try men accused of breaking ship and going ashore at Colombo. 265 found guilty and fines amounting to £765 imposed

Jan 25. Arrive Aden.

Jan 27. Arrive Suez.

Jan 28. Enter canal, reach Ismailia and anchor there for the night

Jan 29. Leave Ismailia. See Turks patrol. Some shots fired. See fight between Turks and Indian troops

Jan 31. Reach Alexandria

Feb 1. Disembark. Reach Abbassia 6.30.P.M. No arrangements made for our reception, have to build camp and forage for rations.

Feb 8. March from Abbassia to Mena with two Officers and nine hundred men. Report to 5th Battalion.

Feb 9 - April 3. Training at Mena at first with 5th Btn. then with 8th Btn.

April 4. Broke camp and marched into Cairo. Battalion divided into two parts. Our half - A. and B. companies, Machine Gun hold party and transport. Col. Garside in charge. Total 16 Officers, 507 other ranks 64 horses. Leave Mena 4.P.M. Arrive Cairo 9.P.M. Entrain in following order - horses, vehicles, stores, men. Leave Cairo. 12.P.M.

April 5. Arrive Gabbary Station 5.A.M. and embark on board Clan Macgillivray A.15. (formerly A.47). Embarkation returns prepared on train on journey down. Issued Iron rations. Saw horses safe on transport Novian. Receive stores and ammunition on board.

April 6. Left pier and anchored in harbour. Sailed around harbour accompanied by Coulter, Ebeling and Bennett. In afternoon drove through Alexandria in gassie with Col. Garside, Capts. Hodgson and Cowper.

April 7. Left Alexandria en route for Lemnos. On board - 8th Btn. Less transport 67 men plus beach and hold parties 93 men. 7th Btn. A company (including Norman)
Officers on board -
Lieut-Col W. Bolton 8th
Lieut-Col R. Garside 8th
Lieut-Col W. Field 8th
Major Mason 7th
Capt G. Coulter 8th
C.C. Dobbie 8th
F. Dale 8th
Sargeant 8th
W. Hodgson 8th
E.T.J. Kerby 8th
H. Trickey 8th
G. Eberling 8th
C. Cowper 8th
R. Weddell 7th
H. Jackson 8th
Lieut R. Bassett 8th
J. Paul 8th
W. Barrie 8th
W. Ham 8th
J. Catron 8th
Mitchell 8th
L. Hartland 8th
L. Blackman 8th
A. Couve 8th
N. Dalton 8th
W. Yates 8th
V. Pascoe 8th
N. McLeod 8th
R.G. Bennett 8th
S. Hardy 8th
C. Joseph 8th
J. Bolton 8th
Lieut J.J. Johnston 7th
Lieut Heron
Capt H. Possingham 8th
Total on board - all ranks - 1465

April 9. Arrived Port Mudros, Isle of Lemnos. Big number of warships in harbour, eleven battle-ships including Queen Elizabeth and Lord Nelson, a number of cruisers and torpedo boats and four submarines. Harbour mined and netted and entrance watched by three torpedo boat destroyers. Number of battle-ships made up of - Russian 1. French 4 and British 6. A very large number of transports also in harbour.

April 10. Fourteen more transports arrive. Over one hundred now in harbour.

April 11. Row around harbour after mail. Visit Mashubra, Minnewaska, Arcadian, Novian and Galeka. No luck.

April 12. Spend 27th birthday quietly. Col. Bolton with O.Cs other units visits Gallipolli in Queen Elizabeth and discusses plan of attack etc. Again row around fleet after mail, Norman one of my crew. No luck. See Aub Liddelow on Mashubra and Bert Biggsley on Galeka. Visit Mudros See French camp and Algerians. Very rough rowing back.

April 13. Lazy day. Raining hard all morning. During afternoon take Pascoe back to A.17. Have very hard job to get back to own ship owing to rough weather and head wind. C.O. goes on board Mashubra to receive orders re plan of attack.

April 14. Orders to practice landing from ship's boats, steam to outer harbour and anchor there. Visit "Ark Royal", parent seaplane ship and shown all around. Nine planes on board and splendid workshop. Complete arrangements and preparing for flight but "Ark Royal" receives sailing orders. Norman again one of my crew in rowing around. C.O. returns from Mashubra. Five more transports and two more battleships arrive.

April 15. C and D companies land in naval barges. Hospital ship Sicilia arrives, also French transport with Algierians, the Royal George with British tommies and the "Shang Chung" A 31/49 with 14th Btn. See tests made by observation balloon from "Hanica". Row around ships in outer harbour. See cruiser H.M.S. Bacchante with funnels perforated by Turkish shell fire. Land on island, visit native goat herd and drink fresh goat's milk. Ugh! Receive information of aerial observations of Turkish positions on Gallipolli. Study maps and mark on them position of Turkish forces and artillery.

April 16. Practice landing from Ship's boats. Build pier in bay in outer harbour in 1 1/2 hours. Land and reembark full force (1400) men. Acted as beach master and pier builder. Receive report that both fleets engaged in North Sea. Turkish destroyer threatens a New Zealand transport, 60 men drowned through boat capsizing. Enemy destroyers attacked by our own destroyers, disabled and towed in to harbour, beached, rapidly dismantled for "curios".

April 17. Go ashore to fill sandbags for machine gun section, then search through Island for defaulters. March through villages of Smandria and Portianos. On return censor letters until midnight. Four more transports arrive. Now in harbour - 18 battleships, 25 destroyers, 118 transports, 2 aerial observation ships, hundreds of small craft.

April 18. Shade maps, censor letters. Part of mail arrives. Liddelow and Permerzel come out for yarn. Get in gig and race them part of way back.

April 19. Censor letters, shade maps. Go to A.39 for mail but couldn't get it. Chase around fleet for necessary orders but too much red tape. Men wild about not receiving letters. Purchase 200 packets of cigarettes for distribution,

April 21. Orderly room censoring letters, preparing disembarkation returns, shading maps. Rains very hard all day.

April 22. Start out at 9.30 A.M. Reach Mudros 11.15 A.M passing "Lizzie" on way. Go to field hospital and collect discharged men. Visit Mudros village and lunch there with Jimmy Johnston. "Billy" (the bulldog) upsets bag of flour and creates a sensation by wanting to eat the restaurant proprietor. Go to Minnewaska, Arcadian, Atlantia, Novian, and Mashubra for mail. Receive in all 16 bags. Troops very pleased indeed and all busy reading letters to-night.

April 23. Censor letters all day and night. Get off outward mail.

April 24. Set sail from Port Mudros 5.A.M. to concentrate in Purnea Bay on other side of Lemnos. Arrive there at 10 a.m. and anchor. Censor letters and prepare disembarkation returns. Men in great condition - quiet but determined. Rifles being specially oiled and final edge being put on bayonets, Transports arriving at rendezvous all day long. Get all tools out of hold and everything ready for disembarkation. Final discussion in saloon on operations. Flags issued to Company Commanders so they may signal ships when to cease fire.

Part 2 - 24th April 1915 to 10th May 1915

Orders issued for to-morrow -- Day begins at midnight. Hours to be counted 0000 to 2400 (French style), Darkness and silence absolutely essential. Reveille 03.30. Fall in with equipment 03.45. Check everything. Breakfast. Men to be ready to fall in at 0445. Hold party to lower tools, machine guns, etc. Order of disembarkation - Boat No 1. Torpedo Boat Destroyer "Rattlesnake" 7th Btn (A.coy.) 8th Btn. C coy. 180 men. Boat No 2. 8th Btn. C. coy. 46 men. D coy. Head Quarters and machine gun section B coy. 52 men. Boat No 3 8th Btn. Remainder B. coy. A. coy. Operation order No. 1. The 8th Btn. will occupy ridge north end knoll 700 inclusive in 238 (q) to 224 (f) inclusive. 5th Btn on left. 6th Btn in reserve. 237 (z) 5. Distribution. -- D and C companies will form firing line and supports. B and A companies in reserve. D coy will be on left of advance supported by A coy. C coy on right of advance supported by B coy. Direction of advance will be indicated by Btn H.Q on ground. Duty on landing with be told by P.M.L.O. Lt-Col Leslie.
A.M.L.O. Lt-Col Bowler.
A.M.L.O Major Hancock.
A.M.L.O Capt Kyrke.
A.M.L.O Capt Godwin
Beach parties to leave ships immediately after troops on same. Regimental ammunition reserves to be landed in vehicles. Hold parties will clear ship of all stores, ammunition and water and will then be transferred to the Derfflinger. Until landing of Divisional Head Quarters area 224 (f) to 238 (m) is to be protected by 2nd Infantry Brigade. The covering force will be the 3rd Infantry Brigade commanded by Colonel Maclaren.

April 25. Leave Purnea Bay 0 oclock. Reveille 03.30. Arrive Gallipolli Peninsular between Gaba Tepe and Suvla Bay 05.00. 0545 start disembarking per destroyers "Rattlesnake" "Chelmer" and "U.S.K". Left on board in charge of reserve ammunition and water. Destroyers bring off wounded as they come to disembark troops. Norman goes off by first destroyer. (H.M.TB.D. Rattlesnake) All troops disembarked by 0800. Shelled by Turks 0845 and narrowly missed several times. Have disagreement with Captain of ship as to position. He wants to go out of range of shell fire - I must be handy to disembark ammunition - I win. H.M.S. Prince of Wales silences Turkish battery at 1100. Landing of troops was covered by the following ships - H.M.S. Queen Elizabeth, H.M.S. Queen, H.M.S. Lord Nelson, H.M.S. Prince of Wales, H.M.S. Majestic, H.M.S. Triumph, H.M.S. Bacchante and numerous torpedo boat destroyers. Wounded started arriving at 0630, ship filled by 1400 (2.P.M.). Hear all kinds of stories - that Norman, Cols. Bolton, McNicoll, and Elliott all wounded. Can see fighting on hills above beach all morning, shrapnel very severe. 1400 (2.P.M) finish disembarking ammunition and go ashore with last lighter load. Turks recognising ammunition on lighter pay special attention to it and shell heavily, struck several times by shrapnel, five men on lighter killed but ammunition not damaged, get ashore 1500 (3.P.M). amd immediately join up with firing line. Miss second brigade but in with details from first and third brigades. Pass about two miles inland using bayonet only. Driven back by overwhelming force of Turks. Fighting continues briskly until 2200 (10.P.M.) when there is a slight lull. Report to second brigade and ordered back on ship until all water is disembarked. Return to Clan Macgillivray arriving 0400 (4.A.M) on 26th.

April 26 01.00 leave back to go to "Clan", hard to find in night but visit "Shang Chung" and "Galeka" en route. Both filled with wounded but can get no news of Norman. 0400 reach "Clan", find everything upside down. 900 wounded on board and medical staff consists only of two doctors and 15 useless orderlies. Men lying all over decks and staff cannot attend to them. Rains heavily and they get saturated. Give a hand in attending to them. Fighting on shore going on continuously. Find out on arrival on "Clan" that message has come through for all ships boats to be sent on shore to reembark troops, one of the boats has returned and reported that shore people know nothing of the order. 0600 Get water disembarked. Have wounded mens kits sorted out and rifles cleaned. Number of slightly wounded return on shore. Nine men who have died overnight buried overboard. Disembark 7 days landing rations. Hear A.E 2 goes through narrows and sinks Turkish warship. Visit Defflinger and H.M.S. Queen after orders but can get no satisfaction. Treated royally on board the Queen. Disembark extra ammunition. Try to get sailing orders for ship but cannot succeed, numbers of men still unattended to. Unable to get news of Norman. No orders so decided to go ashore again. Catch lighter for shore 1530 (3.30 P.M) Get hung up outside, under shell fire all the time, have to spend night on board trawler 3.

April 27 Trawler hit several times by shrapnel 0230. Lighter with us on board given shove off and allowed to drift in. Have to wade ashore. Reach beach 1100. Report on beach then direct to O.C. 8th Btn. With Btn head quarters all day, heavy fighting going on, at 18.00 (6.P.M) Turks make severe bayonet attack but driven back with heavy losses. Given command of C company at night and in support. Firing continues all night with a couple of weak attacks. No news of Norman yet. 1915.

April 28 On reporting yesterday found out that Capts. Sergeant and Hodson and Lieuts Barrett and McLeod were dead, some doubt re Lieuts Couve and Paul. Capts. Trickey, and Ebeling and Lieuts Barry, Mitchell, Hardy and Bennett wounded, Pascoe ill. Spend day in improving trenches and sniping. Can get no word about Norman. At night search ground in front but can find no trace of him. Find box of Turkish bombs and experiment with them finally sending them back to the Turks "in working condition".

April 29 Improve communication trenches in morning, sleep all afternoon. Battalion gets two Turks machine guns and ten thousand rounds of ammunition, use both against Turks. Night fairly quiet. Again search for Norman but no result.

April.30. Relieved by 11th Btn 10.00. Take up position in reserve overlooking bay. Learn that Norman killed and buried on Sunday. Greatly relieved to know he was not in hands of Turks. Bodies of Lieut McLeod and 6 others recovered from in front of trenches and buried. Snipers fairly busy whilst recovering bodies but do not get any of us. Heavy artillery bombardment on both sides.

May. 1. Bombarded by artillery 05.00 and 10.00. Take over command of B company and set about organising it, checking rolls, appointing N.C.Os. Send in recommendations for commissions. Have a parade 13.30 (1.30 P.M) so that new N.C.Os may know their men. 15.00 (3 P.M.) Swim, shelled whilst swimming but appreciate it. Five men killed in water.

May 2. Move out of reserve at 0945 (9.45 A.M). Artillery bombardment down Cape Helles very severe. Occupy firing line 11.00. Improve trenches, traverses, communications, sketch positions. Artillery bombardment against Turks very heavy and continues all day. Machine Gunner killed whilst preparing gun pit in my section. Turks sniping very briskly so send out snipers to try and get them. Two of my snipers wounded when about forty yards from trench. They were still subjected to brisk sniping from the Turks. Sgt. Duffy obtains a rope from artillery and crawls out to them, he tied the rope around each man in turn and they were dragged in by men in the trench. Duffy very lucky not to be hit. Fifth Btn attack knoll on left. Take it but retire owing to enfilade fire. We take trench in front.

May 3. Fairy quiet. Severe artillery bombardment 0400 (4.A.M). Two men in company wounded by snipers. Navy land on Gaba Tepe but driven off again. Dick Jennings arrives with a few me from "Itria".

May 4 Very quiet day. Sniping brisk. One man killed, two wounded. Go swimming. Dodge shells successfully. Make dive on their trench in front 1830 (6.30 P.M.). Get a fair number of them with bayonet.

May 5. Relieved by 7th Bn. Go in reserve at 11.00 Prepare dug outs on hill. Swim. Orders to prepare for embarkation 1900 (7.P.M.). Lay on beach all night waiting for orders. Two men were wounded.

May 6. Embark on "Newmarket" 0200 (2. A.M.) Arrive Cape Helles 0600. Land on River Clyde under heavy artillery fire from "Asiatic Annie". Narrowly missed by three shells - covered by dirt thrown up by the explosion. Pass through forts of Sedd-el-Bahr ruined by shell fire from ships. Barb-wire entaglements magnificent. From French General Headquarters see Infantry attack by British and French troops. Our troops make good advance but driven back in centre forcing both flanks to retire from the positions they had gained. Splendid artillery work by our side. Turkish shrapnel close to us and plenty of it too. In reserve in waterlogged paddock. Three men wounded. Dine very well on provisions obtained from the French.

May 7 Still in reserve. Yesterdays battle resumed at daybreak. French reinforcements arrive also 8000 Territorials from Egypt. Krithia heavily shelled. Can still see Allied troops advancing. Not struck by style of French who seem uncertain and "jumpy". Turkish centre position again holds up the whole of our advance. Send along ammunition reserves to firing line. In night visit Sedd-el-Bahr and surroundings. Everything smashed by our bombardment.

May 8. Orders to be ready by 0930. Move off at 11.00. Reinforcements arrive as we move off and follow on. Advance three miles to our new reserve position and dig in. 1657 (4.57 P.M.) Receive orders "Brigade will attack. 6th and 7th Btns firing line and supports, 5th and 8th Btns in reserve." No orders re objective etc. Capt Possingham killed by stray bullet at 1715. Great shrapnel bombardment from Turkish positions immediately the 6th start. Advance in rear of 6th Btn. After starting meet Capt Hogan who gives orders "Over to right" - could get nothing definite as to how far to right or anything else. Lose my own company through advancing too quickly. Pick up two platoons of A. Coy (Two Catrons in charge of them). Carry them forward to Manchester Trench. Trench filled with our troops who refuse to move. Go on and pick up some strays from 6th and 7th Btns. Passing advanced trench every man but myself shot down in two seperate rushes. Reach Col. Garside and Cpt. Finlayson. Former says "Don't go ahead - tis death". Go ahead. Reach firing line at 1815 (6.15 P.M.). No other officer about so take charge. Magnificent shooting by our artillery. Order "dig in". Turks driven out of trench by artilly fire - too weak to advance to take trenches. Major Bennett arrives. Use bodies of dead men as parapet whilst digging in. Bert Biggsley invites me to come and have a biscuit with him. At 2000 (8 P.M.) learn that Col. McKay has been wounded. Errey arrives and obtains packs from dead men. Cold prevents me from speaking. At 2200 go back with Errey to Col. Garside - find him dead - Finlayson wounded. Report to Col. Bolton. Go back and bring in Col. Garside's body. Report to Col. Wanliss. Arrange parties to collect wounded, dig support trenches, etc. No stretchers so have to carry wounded on waterproof sheets. French wasting flares and search lights. Have to drop wounded whenever light shows near us. Total advance in attack about two miles - new ground gained about half a mile.

May 9. See Bert Biggsley at 01.00. Continue digging support and communication trenches. Get all wounded in locality cleared away by 0400. A brutal job throughout. At daybreak find out that position we have taken is centre one which held up Allied advance on 6th and 7th inst. We are still rather advanced but troops on flanks getting up. Day rather quiet so sleep. At night start collecting and buring the dead. Have big trench dug as grave, bodies collected by small parties of men and placed alongside grave. Errey

Part 3 - 11th May 1915 to 9th July 1915

May 11.Trouble to get food during the day. Nothing else doing. Tally up burials last night - total 67 Australians including Lieuts. Davis, Dangerfield and Gallagher, Jack Kitson also included. Our aeroplanes up and shelled by Turks but play hurdle racing over the smoke bursts. At 1900 (7.P.M.) report to Brigade Headquarters to act as guide for relieving troops (5th, 6th 7th 8th Lancashire Fusiliers) Relief starts at 2000 but Fusilier officers very nervy and seem incapable. They lose themselves and then their men. At midnight still trying to sort themselves out.

May 12. At 00.30 relief force in position so we start to move to bivouac. Act as guide but dont know where I am going. Rains like blazes. Pitch black - cannot see my hand in front of me. Fired at all the time - several casualties. Fall into dug out on top of men - they object - pleased they were there though. Lead on again - fall into creek - about four feet of water there - say nothing but lead on. Arrive at bivouac 02.30. Dug outs full of water. Hot rum in plenty. Make Oxo although fire attracts a few bullets. Sleep in about one foot of water. At 0700 leave bivouac and return to dug-outs occupied from 6th to 8th inst. Flooded. Move to near "W" beach, back again to first position. Do we swear? Rather! Company casualties May 8 - 11. Killed 14. Wounded 43. Missing 26. Strength of company now 56. (Started with 210 on April 25). At sunset Turks heavily bombarded - a good "Good night"

May 13. In reserve - reorganise company. Take men for swim. Heavily bombarded. Take up reserve position on hill near road. Open to Turks artillery but quite dry.

May 14. Take fatigue party to beach. Unload trawlers and lighters. Complimented on rapid work. Men have a good time with provisions. See 56 horses killed by Turkish shell fire this morning - towed to sea for burial. Have swim.

May 15. Morning - Censor letters and check company. Afternoon - stroll around beach with Capt. Coulter and C.S.M Cook. Visit aerodrome and watch flights. Inspect machines. Damaged monoplane taken to lighter - help them to get it on. Have swim. Bombed by German aeroplane. Bomb falls in water just near us - makes geyser about 40 feet high. Hear rapid rifle fire - think Turks have got around our flank but find our men shooting at aviator. Our planes chase German but cannot catch him. Heavily bombarded during morning. Shells all around us but no casualties. Yates nearly struck twice. Visit village Sedd-el-Bahr. Go through smashed forts. See 14" guns overturned by "Lizzie". Inspect French camps - filthy.

May 16. Bombarded severely- no casualties. Embark H.M.S. Reindeer for transfer to Ionian. Have two decent feeds. First combined meal since day of landing and in dining Saloon first realise what our casualties in Officers means. Go to Kapa Tepe. Disembark on Destroyer "Colne". Get back to Ionian and stay there all night.

May 17. Disembark on "Colne". Arrive bivouacs and start diggings in 1030. A quiet day. Go swimming.

May 18. Capt. Dobbie arrives, reinforcements from hold party etc report. Company strength now 6 Officers 189 other ranks. Have fatigues on communication trenches. Enemy begin attacking at 2000 (8.P.M.) Ordered to reinforce First Brigade. Have nasty march through Shrapnel and Monash valleys. Bullets all around us all the time. At 2200 in trenches with First Brigade and assist in driving back strong Turkish attack. At 2400 (midnight) rush and capture Turkish trench in front. Hold it for a short time.

May 19. 00.30 driven back out of Turkish trench. 0300 (3.a.m.) Turks shell us very heavily and then advance in immense numbers. Wiped out as quickly as they come. Allow attack to get right up to trench. One Turk puts his head over parapet and calls "Allah, Allah". One Australian replies "Eggs a cooked, you - ". And bayonets him. A dozen Turks in trench by time we stop laughing. Bayonet 'em then continue on those in front. Turks most determined but have no hope. Wipe out line after line as quickly as they advance. At 0600 the attack slackens, continues intermittently until 1000 and the stops. Thousands of dead and wounded Turks in front of our trenches. Ground absolutely covered with them, in places two and three deep. Get 14 prisoners. Our casualties very slight. At 1030 take companies back to bivouac. (Have incident with white flag.)

May 20. Enemy renew attack but repulsed. Reinforced, re attack and again repulsed. Their casualties in yesterdays attack estimated at 3000 killed 12000 wounded. Inlying picquet so remain in readiness. First armistice to collect wounded. Our fellows swarm across to Turkish trenches and exchange cigarettes, coins, etc. Turks do ditto. 1830 again ordered out to support First Brigade. Enemy renew attack. "Jack Johnsons" and shrapnel plentiful. Enemy aeroplane reconnoittes both morning and evening.

May 21. At 0300 fairly busy sniping. Expect another attack but disappointed. See Capt Jacobs. Return to bivouac at 0630. At 1000 3rd Light Horse Brigade Arrives. Col. Bolton leaves. Stroll around beach - swim. Turkish General comes in to arrange another armistice. Some swank too.

May 22. In reserve. Have swim. Lt. Col. Brand appointed to command 8th Btn. Turkish General comes in for another pow-wow. In support of 2nd Btn Inf and 8th Light Horse at night. With 100 men make a sortie to Turkish trench in front. Bayonet about 50 of them and get back to our own trench. Enemy submarine about outside all day.

May 23. In reserve, nothing doing. Attend Church Parade, bombed by German aeroplane, bomb misses us by about 50 yards but settles four men in firing line. Have swim.

May 24. From 0730 to 1600 (7.30 a.m. to 4.p.m.) Armistice for purpose of burying Turkish dead, thousands dead. Go out between lines and inspect Turks and our own trenches - a revelation. Turk tries to get away with hand grenade but booted by Turkish officer. Our fellows cheer every time he raises boot. Enemy submarine again outside. 1601 Turks start firing and use up all ammunition saved duing day.

May 25. Nothing doing in morning so have a swim. Enemy submarine again about. At 12.15 H.M.S. "Triumph" struck by torpedo from submarine and slowly lists to port. From hill where we are can see periscope of submarine as she makes away from the locality. Crew of Triumph forms up on deck - Topedo-boat-destroyers rush from everywhere. At 12.20 two destroyers run alongside sinking ship - by 12.23 decks of Triumph cleared of men. At 12.25 Triumph turns turtle T.B.D. on port side just clearing herself as Triumph's masts slowly come over. Latter floats bottom up until 12.43 and then sinks. Eleven T.B.Ds by the circling about trying to catch submarine but no luck. At 1830 take B and D companies up in support of 2nd Btn. Turks attempt an attack but are soon driven off. No caualties in companies.

May 26. Stand to 0300. Return to bivouac 05.30 Sleep all morning. Afternoon have swim. Our aeroplane bombs enemy's artillery. 150 reinforcements arrive.

May 27. Have quiet day in reserve although continuously shelled. Have swim. Big bombardment about Krithia lasting since 4.p.m. yesterday. Turks getting a very lively time. Support 4th Btn at night.

May 28. Quiet day. In support of 1st Btn at night. At 2200 (10 p.m.) make attack on Turkish trenches in front. Take them by 2400.

May 29. 0100 to 0200 Turks try to retake trenches, lively scrapping but no hope. At 0300 (3.a.m) Turks explode mine under Quinn's Post. Just manage to miss going up with trench. Turks occupy crater and capture surrounding trenches. Very lively bayonet fighting. Turks finally driven out and we take 50 prisoners. 0300 - 0700 heavy and continuous rife and shell fire. 07.45 sitting in dugout in reserve and stop a shrapnel bullet in right lung. 0930 go to casualy clearing station on beach. 1130 Taken to hospital ship "Gascon" Hear heavy firing all day.

May 30. Heavy firing continues. Occupants to ward with me Lieuts. Leach, (15), Vine Hall (13), Wilson (13), Collins (16), McLaren (10.L.H.). N.Z outpost cut off.

May 31. N.Z. outpost rescued after heavy fighting. Get up and stroll about. Anzac well lit up from water side. Looks like a big town.

June 1-2. Fighting fairly brisk on shore. Hospital Ship "Sicilia" arrives. Several mines exploded both here and on Achi Baba.

June 3. H.M.S. Talbot shells Biyuk Anafarta and sets it on fire. General Birdwood comes on board - chats - wishes us luck - tells us 16000 Turks at Anafarta hence reason for shelling. 1700 (5.p.m.) leave Anzac Cove for Lemnos arriving there at 2215. Vine Hall dies. Harbour full of warships.

June 4. 24 warships 150 transports including Mauretania in harbour. Leave Lemnos for Alexandria.

June 6. Arrive Alexandria at 2215 (10.15 p.m.)

June 7. Receive news of successful advance at Cape Helles. 8000 casualties for advance of 500 yards. Taken to Ras-el-Tin hospital but transferred to Deaconess hospital later on.

June 8-10. Laze about, kick up about not being X rayed immediately. Machine in action on 10th but unable to localise bullet. Meet Aubrey Liddelow and go to Mustapha barracks with him. Afterwards visit Union Club and then dine at Windsor hotel.

June 11. Aubrey calls again so we run about together. Go on Ulysses and then sail to Euripedes. Meet officers of 23rd and 24th battalions. Know most of them.

June 12. Again visit Euripedes. Run about town. Go to races and lose 60 piastres.

June 13. X rayed 11 a.m. no result. Run to Mex then drive about through Alexandria. Then go to Victoria Hospital passing San Stefano en route - a beautiful tram drive. See Col. McNicol Lieuts. Osbell and Capes. Return to hospital 10.p.m. Locked out but get in all right.

June 14. Aubrey calls again. X rayed at 11 a.m. bullet found in right lung just above liver. Stay in all day. Medical Staff have consultation - to be X rayed again to-morrow.

June 15. X ray apparatus busted so go out and meet Aubrey. Run about town.

June 16. Stay in all day. Told to prepare for operation at 6.p.m. but X ray still busted.

June 17-18. Waiting for operation - mighty tedious.

June 19. X rayed again - Major Chose superintending. Decides to operate later on. Go out and visit town. Go to races with Collins.

June 20. Doctors decide not to operate so I reckon I am convalescent. Go to San Stefano and have a swim - caught in current and have a job to get back. Return hospital 11.p.m.

June 21. Go to Mustapha, collect trunks, take them to hospital - sort out gear - take trunks to Cooks. Visit sports ground and watch polo and tennis. Catch train from Sidi Gedea for Cairo at 6.10 .pm. Arrive Cairo at 9.30 p.m. Very quiet there. Put up at Shepheards Hotel.

June 22-23. Running about Cairo. Visit post office - Anglo-Egyptian Bank - Staff Paymaster - see Rae Bennett there - lunch with Col. Bolton on houseboat on Nile. Go to Zeitoun and visit camp there. Go on to Heliopolis, see 23rd officers and mess with them. George Morton and Hugh Conran in hospital. See Nel Wellington, Bob Smith, Gus Green. Visit Citadel meet number of officers there finish up at Esbeykieh Gardens where band is playing magnificent music. Pretty lonely though.

June 24. Go to Anglo-Egyptian Bank - close account. Visit Heliopolis - lunch with 21st Btn. Say farewell to 21st, 22nd and 23rd Btns. Return to hotel - to station - to Alexandria arriving 10.p.m. Go to Regina Palace, Windsor and Savoy hotels - all full. Put up at Grand Palace - beastly hole.

June 25. Report to hospital - registrar nearly knows what he wants. Decide to send me to Australia, I report to Mustapha as fit for duty. Back to hospital early.

June 26 Discharge from hospital a difficulty but manage to get it. Meet Travers of 120th K.O.R.L. Go to Kursaal and races. Arrive at Carlton Camp at 1 a.m. to-morrow

June 27. Visit Syrian Home for Convalescent Officers. Visit hospital. Report at Mustapha - told to be ready for embarkation at 10 a.m. to morrow. Go Surf bathing - exciting. Visit Pompey's Pillar and Catacombs. Dine at Carlton.

June 28. Report Mustapha 8.15 a.m. Get equipment by 9.20 a.m. Drive to Cooks - get valise - put articles in trunk - to stationers - to post office - to wharf arriving at 9.56 a.m. No ship sailing. Swear loud and long. Back to Mustapha - to Carlton. Appointed to charge of Carlton Officers camp. Car at my disposal. Go surf bathing. Explore old Mustapha. Visit Kursaal, Pelago, Alhambra, Moulin Rouge, drive through town - finish at Cinema. See "Temptations"

June 29-30. Poking about Alexandria. Meet Greig, Stewart, Fraser, Tubb, Yates and Taylor. Surf bathing twice a day.

July 1. Visit Egyptian Government Hospital also No 5 Indian General Hospital at San Stefano. Meet Hollands and go to International Rowing Club passing forts bombarded in 1882, defensive and loop-holed wall facing sea. Inspect Ras-el-Tin palace. Go for scull. On return to camp find scorpion in bed. A big brute too.

July 2. Naval man stung by scorpion - serious. Visit Mustapha - hear that transport "Scotian" sails to-morrow. Hand in resignation as Camp Commandant Carlton Camp and apply for passage. Visit Abbassieh hospital then go to Chatby military cemetery. Return to Mustapha and go swimming.

July 3. Pack up, report Mustapha then on transport "Scotian" at Quay 75. Yates, Bennett and Taylor also on board. Appointed Ships Quartermaster.

July 5. Reach Lemnos 7.p.m. and report to "Aragon". Swim.

July 6. 400 men disembark on board "Clacton" Swim.

July 7. Disembark remainder of men on Hythe and Newmarket. Send mails to Aragon. Set out for Anzac.

July 8. Land at Anzac 0200. Report to 8th Bn. Appointed to command A company. Go for swim. See Aubrey Liddelow, Bert Biggsley, Eric Permerzel

July 9. Fairly quiet day. In reserve. Go swimming bombarded fairly heavily. Awfully "funky" of shells. Nothing to do. Doctor orders me to hospital.

Part 4 - 10th July 1915 to 19th January 1916

July 10. Fairly quiet day so go into trenches and do some sniping. Trenches bombarded and blown about a bit but very few casualties. At 1900 (7 p.m.) Lord Nelson and Dublin start shelling ridge 700. Give it about 100 shells. Aeroplane and balloon observation. A few casualties in company from bombs. Swim.

July 11. Bombardment continues down South. Attend Church parade. Make feint against Turks just to let them know we are still here. Bivouac on beach, have swim.

Jul 12. At 0330 embark on trawler 340 for Imbros. Arrive at Rephales Bay at 0700. Harbour fairly crowded with warships and transports. Go swimming twice. Heaviest bombardment yet heard at Cape Helles. Can see flashes of guns and bursting shells. Pity Turks.

July 13. Inoculated against Cholera. Go swimming.

July 14. Go swimming. Hire ponies and visit village of Pinibear. Seven miles across rocky mountainous hills showing magnificent views, gullies etc. Check up battalion pay and pay men.

July 15. Go swimming three times. Ordered to embark at 1700 but order cancelled. Arm very sore.

July 16. Swim 6.a.m. Visit new monitor "Abercrombie" then cruiser "Talbot" then sea plane ship "Ark Royal". Embark on trawler "Lord Esk" (340) at 1745 Arrive Anzac at 2115 and bivouac in Shrapnel gully.

July 17. Difficulty to get water owing to wells drying up. Have dug outs allotted on Dead Man's Hill. German aeroplane bombs ships. Visit trenches. Been smashed a lot with H.E shells since 14th inst. See Eric Permerzel (Cedric killed on 15th) and Bert Biggsley. Aubrey Liddelow wounded on 14 inst.

July 22. Stand to 0330. Make all preparations for being attacked. Get up wire netting (bomb catchers) and cheveaux de frise (barb wire) and place in position during night. Heavily bombed and shelled all day. Complimented by Col. Smythe V.C. Brigadier on having the best kept section of trench in his area. On the go all day. Stand to 2345 (11.45.p.m.)

July 23. Carry on 0055. Stand to 0330 - carry on 0430. Continue extra preparations all day. Turkish religious festival now on so expect to be attacked any time. Turks have big reinforcements. Chest very sore and doctor again orders removal to hospital.

July 24. Stand to 0015. Carry on 0115. Stand to 0300 carry on 0400. Our howitzers give enemy's trenches a doing from 0100 to 0400. Bombs plentiful so indulge in cricket match with them. A few men hurt. Receive new maps. Trenches blown to pieces three times during day. Turks very jumpy at night.

July 25. Stand to 0300 - 0430. Turks sniping very brisk but get a doing. Bombard us very heavily. Machine gun section in my area blown out. Casualties fairly heavy. Shell bursts over my head in new firing line, covered with debris and half buried, soon dug out, very sore especially chest, doctor again orders hospital but not yet. More shells break through new firing line but no further casualties. My headquarters wrecked by shell whilst I am away. Everything blown to pieces. Go for swim with Eric. Photograph Berts grave. Turks again bombard us and smash trenches.

July 26. Stand to 0330 - 0430. Shelled heavily during morning. 0500 give scare burst and throw bombs to draw enemy fire - very successful, they waste thousands of rounds of ammunition. No casualties from bombardment but trenches and forward saps blown to pieces. Wire entanglements and bomb catchers smashed beyond recognition. Go to see Col. Elliott of 7th Bn. On my way to him just missed by round 12" bomb, second bomb blows several men to pieces. Have disagreement with Elliott who acts in bullying fashion - return to firing line and verbally report matter to Brigade Major - to put in written report. Explode mine under German Officers Trench at 1730. See several Turks go up in debris. Heavily bombarded at 1830. At 2015 "Jack Johnson" in B company lines buries Capt. Heartland, take digging reliefs and uncover him. Still breathing but dies in spite of resusticetion. Sent past spot at first and so lost 5 or 6 minutes. At 2100 another "J.J" buries signallers but dig them out all right. High explosive and shrapnel bombardment heavy, expect to be attacked but greatly disappointed.

July 27. Stand to 0330 then routine work. Slightly bombarded. Yesterdays digging upsets my chest again but manage to stick out. Put in report on Col. Elliott and ask for Court of Inquiry into matter - receive his version through brigadier and C.O. Again bombarded in afternoon, no casualties although trench absolutely wrecked. All supports and reserves utilised in repairing trenches. Sniping very brisk on both sides - have cricket match with bombs - we win.

July 31 (cont) At 1400 5" howitzer lands in trench under me - I go up about 6 ft. in the air - concussion on landing on bleeding of lung again. Hand over charge of company to C.C. Dobbie. Heavy shelling in both Monash and Shrapnel gullies as I go to beach and several on beach killed whilst waiting for launch to hospital ship. 4" shell comes through hospital roof and lands at my feet. Leave clearing station at 2130, arrive on hospital ship "Rewa" at 2215. At 2100 heavy rifle and bomb firing starts and continues until 2400. Learn that 11th Bn have captured Turks trench.

Aug. 1-3. On board "Rewa" off Anzac. Twice hit by shrapnel fired at trawlers. Bombardments on shore continue. Landing of troops for big attack also continues.

Aug 4. Feeling better so apply to be sent back to shore - no hope - transferred to "Hythe" for Mudros. Arrive there 1730. Transferred to hospital ship "Devanha". Chest pains acute.

Aug 5-7 Leave Lemnos for Malta. Magnificent trip passing Grecian Archipelago. All islands full of interest and watch them through glasses. Arrive at Malta and anchor in Marsamuscetto harbour. Sent to Tigne Officers hospital. Get up on roof and inspect locality. Usual contrasts. Visit old defences and 20" gun. Have swim.

Aug 8. X rayed at St. Andrews hospital - see Aubrey Liddelow. Visit Valletta by ferry from Sliema. Go through market place and opera house with, Capt Gee of 9th Bty. Swim

Aug. 9-11. Running about Malta. Medical people very slow and can get no satisfaction. Pretty lonely. Go swimming twice a day - out sailing occasionally. Accompanied at various times by Major Woodcock, Capt. Gee, Lieuts. Cumming, Berier, Grey, Liddelow, Hamilton, Eplison. Visit Vacchia gardens overlooking Grand harbour - not unlike Sydney harbour at night.

Aug. 12. Examined by Medical board. President disbelieves statement of X ray doctor that bullet is moving 4" - to be x rayed again. In afternoon go to Valletta. Visit Anglo. Egyptian Bank - St Elmo fort - Chapel of Bones - St John's Cathedral - Museum - Grand harbour. Mighty tired by time I get back but cannot sleep.

Aug. 13. X rayed at St Andrews Hospital. Bullet located without difficulty but moving too much to photograph. Doctors decide not to operate. Go out sailing, visiting Grand and Marsamuscetto harbours. See two French submarines and on British (B.10) Go swimming.

Aug. 14-15. Feeling rotten. Chest pains acute. Spitting up blood. Stay in hospital.

Aug. 16. "Gascon" arrives. See Koch and Tubb on board. With Capt Gee show Sisters Peters, Tucker and Gibson over Valletta. Meet Lord Methuen. See horse racing(?). Very animated scene and people most enthusiastic. Races held along road. Still off colour - to bed by 7.p.m. but no sleep.

Aug. 17.-18. Feeling beastly so lay up. Aubrey calls but not fit to go out with him. Chest pains very acute. Severe Dysentery.

Aug. 19. Chest pains worse. Ordered to stay in bed but go skating and swimming. Feeling better. Go out to St Andrews and see Aubrey -

Aug. 20. X rayed again. Every blooming doctor in Malta interested so all come and discuss me - to be carved up etc all over. Marks of limit of movement of bullet made on my back. Go out sailing with Gee, Hamilton, Honeyball and Caskell from 2 - 4 p.m. and with Gee, Page and Epligrave from 5 - 8 p.m. Very draughty and enjoyable.

Aug. 21. No sleep at all last night. Chest pains again. Meet Aubrey and go to Valletta together. Tram rise to Birrechirra. Back to Valletta. Visit Armoury and Council chamber in Governors palace. Armoury full of relics of seige by Turks. Council hall magnificent and trapestries indescribable.

Aug. 22. Start sailing to Marsa Scala with Bill Catron, Gee, Page, Hamilton and Epligrave. Gale blowing outside and very heavy sea running. Run back to Marsamuscetto harbour, very lucky to get there without upsetting. Carroggin drive to Marsa - to Marsa Scirocco to Marsa Scala. Swim. Back to Valetta thence dhasia to Sliema. Most enjoyable day.

Aug. 23. Swim. Receive orders 10.20 a.m. to be ready to embark for England at 10.30. a.m. Kick up some but no good. Wait in until 6.30.p.m. then get annoyed and clear out. Go with Gee to pictures - to Valletta - visit under ground Malta - then to another picture show - row around harbour. Back to hospital

Aug. 24. Swim 6.a.m. Waiting for embarkation. Try to get orders altered to Egypt - no good. Go to Valletta - then to underground Malta again. Police protection Visit Alhambra - very hot. Back to Sliema.

Aug. 25. Swim 6.a.m. Chest kicking a little. On return find motor waiting to take us to ship. 9.15 a.m. leave Tigne for hospital ship "Galeka". Embark 10.20 a.m. 1.p.m. leave Marsamuscetto harbour for Grand harbour. Go ashore 3.p.m. Run about Valletta for a time. Back by 10.p.m.

Aug. 26-29 Sailing for England. Bill Catron and Capt. Wallis on board. Kicks severe frequently. Unable to sleep. 8.30. p.m. on 29th run into x Gibralter. 9 p.m. on to England.

Aug 30. - Sept. 2. En route. Fair gale blowing. Bay of Biscay keeps up to its reputation. Ship rolls and plunges heavily - smashes crockery.

Sept. 3. Reach Isle of Wight 10.a.m. See convoy of transports off to France. Reach Southampton pier 1.p.m. Visit "Aquetania" hospital ship. Disembark 2.30.p.m. Arrive London 5.45.p.m. Scenery magnificent but weather mighty cold. Motored to 3rd London General Hospital, Wandsworth. Col. McNicoll- Lieuts Prish and Lodge in same ward. Freezing all night. Kicks.

Sept. 4. X rayed after being seen by Sir John Bland Sutton. Joe Catron turns up so two Catrons, Lodge and self set out to "do London". Lunch at Holborn. Pass Hyde Park, Regent Park, Rotten row, Bank of England, Marble Arch, Tower Bridge, Tower of London - disappointed in whole lot. Dinner at Notting Hill. Go to Daly's Theatre, see "Betty". Great. Return to hospital 1.a.m. Hear anti aircraft guns in action owing to Zeppelin raid.

Sept. 5. Shiagraph shows no result. Go to Church. Taxi around - through Hyde Park - across Serpentine - around Buckingham Palace - Past Nelson's column - monuments of Waterloo - Horse Guards - Westminster Abbey - Houses of Parliament. To Waldorf for dinner, then to Catrons in Holland Park. Sing-song until 11.p.m. Taxi to Osterly.

Sept. 6. Motor ride though Putney and Richmond Park. Most enjoyable.

Sept. 7. See Price and Whitehead. Go to Tower of London with 2 Catrons, Hessian, Lodge, Sutton, Lyle, Nickoll. See Crown Jewels including Star of Africa and Kohinoor diamonds. Greatly interested and well satisfied. Go to Empire and see "Watch your step" - not too bad. Hear booming of guns and bombs in Zeppelin raid.

Sept. 8. Not to be operated on - apply for board for discharge from hospital. Go through Westminster Abbey - magnificent. Go to picture show at Clapham Junction with Lodge. See Zepps bombing West end. Anti-aircraft shells bursting all around them. Gradually moves away to the north. Go to Tooting through losing ourselves - back to hospital 2.30 a.m. to-morrow. Kicks severe.

Sept. 9. Off colour. Stay in hospital. Kicks all day.

Sept. 10. Still off colour. Represent High Commissioner at funeral of Corporal Gooda 6th Bn in Wandsworth cemetery. To tea with Mrs Goldsmith, finish up at Oxford music hall - hot.

Sept. 11. Go to Zoo with Lodge and Lyall. Again apply for board. Go to Variety theatre at Clapham.

Sept. 12. Go to St.Pauls Cathedral for morning service accompanied by Barry, Ulrich and Moorhouse. Taxi to Hampton Court. Go out punting

Sept 13. Boarded. Two months leave - kick up but no good. Represent High Commissioner at funeral of Pte Westaway 7th Bn in Hampstead Cemetery. Return to hospital. Then to Lady Churchill for tea. Meet Winston and have a good chat. Back to hospital then to Mrs Hammond at Tufnell Park. Job to get there but made very welcome.

Sept. 14. Rise 10 a.m. Go to Wandsworth - see Koch - Rowe - Bennett - Pascoe, back to Tufnell Park.

Sept. 15. Stay at home all day. Play croquet. Feeling very fit. Happy day.

Sept. 16. Go to Richmond with Gladys and Newson Most enjoyable day punting etc - Night develop photos

Sept. 17. To British Australasian. See Col. Courtenay. To tea with Mrs Buckley. Taxi around town and see results of Zepp raid the other night. See Cols. Appleton and Buckley re aviation Go to music hall with Gladys and Newson

Sept. 18-20. Visit Zoo - Commonwealth Offices - Notting Hill Gate - Hendon - Home Club for wives of soldiers and sailors. Kept interested and happy.

Sept. 21. Farewell Cyril. Play croquet. Visit Madame Tussaud's. Evening with Mrs Scott.

Sept. 22. Visit zoo again.

Sept. 23. Visit Staines - guests of Mr & Mrs Ferriss Scott. Swim, paddle and punt all day. Leave Staines 9.20 P.M. Most enjoyable day.

Sept. 24. With Glad visit Wandsworth. See McNicoll, Whitehead, Price. Back for dinner.

Sept. 25-Oct 2. Happy, interesting and enjoyable days, visiting, above together, and etc. Rae Bennett arrives on 28th

Oct. 3. Mr Hollinghurst drives us through Barnet, Essendon, Welwyn, Hatfield. Return at 2.p.m. Visit Hendon- see Busteed - Have fly in aeroplane.

Oct. 4. Visit Wandsworth with Glad. 8.45 p.m catch train at Euston en route to Ireland.

Oct. 5. 2.20 a.m. Arrive at Holyhead. Catch R.M.S. Leinster for Kingston. There at 6 a.m. - at Dublin 7.a.m. - at Collinstown 9.30. Walk over estate with Mr Pennefather Play back gammon.

Oct 6 Pick fruit. Cycle to Collinstown. Motor around calling on different people. Wicklow mountains splendid.

Oct. 7. Go shooting - fair sport.

Oct 8 Very wet. Visit Ballynure in afternoon.

Oct 9. Off colour. Receive letter from Glad - all right

Oct 10. Go to Church. Parson to lunch. Visit Whites'

Oct 11. Go bog shooting - much wiser after.

Oct 12. Tea at Ballynure - Major Mitchell's place

Oct 13. Visit fair at Dunlavin. Threshing on farm.

Oct 14. Ride through Ballynure - Grange Con etc. Try snapping white deer but no chance.

Oct 15. Drive with Mr White over farms inspecting cattle etc. Look over Rathsallagh curios.

Oct 16. Motor trip to Humewood passing through Baltinglass. Call on Mr Hume and Mrs Lorny. Tea at latter. Very severe attack of kicks.

Oct 17. In bed all morning. Too tired to continue diary.

Oct 19. Leave "Rathsallagh" for London. Pleasant trip.

Oct 20. Back to BGTBF YNDHW WSSQC MPNOG RSLDR QXPOS EVETA.

Nov. 2-14. Happy - happy days in Cornwall.

Jan. 18. Leave London for Weymouth, Glad and Mabel come to say au revoir.

Jany. 19. Embark on board Star of Victoria. A.16.